Faith and Reason in the Enlightenment Essay -- The Enlightenment in Eu

In a time when faith and hard labor kept the majority of society alive, the introduction of reason by the Enlightenment was initially perceived as a threat. People had focused on their faiths and grasped the traditions and rituals of their dogmas. The Enlightenment introduced the possibility of faith and reason coinciding and cooperating to form a more civilized and equal society to replace the Old Regime, and the changes lasted far after the period of the Enlightenment. Leading up to the Enlightenment Prior to the Enlightenment, England and France instituted Old Regime societies in which three distinct classes of people embraced religion as the foundation of their lives. Each caste had a different lifestyle, with the clergy enjoying the upper class, the nobility in the position of influence, and the vast majority of the people trapped in the hardship of the Third Estate. The clergy was different in the Protestant Church than in the Catholic Church because the Catholics had only to obey the Pope while the Protestant Church was run by the monarch. None of the clergy paid many royal taxes, but still owned much of the land. Since the clergy was a high class, it was beneficial for some of the offspring of the nobility to join the clergy in order to receive higher status. The nobility as a whole controlled much money and power while maintaining constant struggle with the crown over governmental power. The Third Estate worked to live and had no freedom except for their religious beliefs. They believed that they were at the mercy of the land and of an overpowering Creator. The Old Regime was characterized in large part by conflicts between countries and within countries over religious matters. It w... ...ove their minds. European society that was once stuck in the Old Regime lifestyle grew in many facets with the introduction of reason and enlightenment. Although initially reluctant, the societies of the Old Regime embraced the thoughts of the Enlightenment, the conflict between faith and reason began to subside as people learned that they could practice both. References 1 Donald Kagan. The Western Heritage Brief Edition:Volume II Since 1648. (Upper Saddle River: Pretence Hall, 1999), 313. 2 Kagan 298 3 Perry Rogers. Aspects of Western Civilization: Problems and Sources in History 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River: Pretence Hall, 1997), 12. 4 Rogers, 15. 5 Kagan, 317. 6 Peter Gay. Age of Enlightenment. (New York: Time Life Books, 1966), 32. 7 Kagan, 402. 8 Kagan, 329. 9 Gay, 56. 10 Gay, 54. 11 Rogers, 102.

Essay --

In his writings, Max Weber brought into focus the increasing tension between modern salvation religions and secular spheres ranging from the economic and political to the esthetic. Weber argued that divergent perspectives on religious â€Å"brotherliness† bred a tension with autonomous secular spheres and also suggested compromise between spheres in an absolute sense would be impossible but was necessary and pervasive given the state of humanity in the modern world. It is necessary first to establish how Weber distinguished these redemption religions from others and established them as an ideal type. Fundamentally, â€Å"the rational aim of redemption religion has been to secure for the saved a holy state, and thereby a habitude that assures salvation† (Religious Rejections, p. 327). This metaphysical holy state away from suffering, as characterized by Weber, is unique in its permanence. Weber acknowledged that other behaviors, outside salvation religion, were capable of providing such a state for a temporary period but could not promise eternal salvation. These other behaviors came into conflict with religion as providing alternative, albeit transitory pathways to inner-worldly salvation for the individual. A distinction is also made between salvation religion and â€Å"magic religiosity or for the religion of functional deities† (Religious Rejections, p. 333). In such systems, the various gods were conceived to overlap with wor ldly norms and behaviors. In essence, just as humans interacted on earth, deities representing war, agricultural production, commerce and countless other domains of human life were said also to be interacting and competing. In such systems, gods functioned as little more than a mechanism for explaining and, in a sense,... ...pes, such compromise between economic and religious spheres would seem to be irresoluble. Viewed through the lens of modern humanity and practicality, however, such a compromise is almost logical as a means for religion to cement its own social status, and thus its popular efficacy as a mechanism for salvation. The relationship between the esthetic sphere and religion provides yet another contrasting image of ideal types and of reality. Like the threats to religion posed by politics and economics, the inner-worldly salvation of art should seem to be â€Å"in a realm of irresponsible indulgence and secret lovelessness.†(Religious Rejections, p. 342) As ideal types, the world-denying salvation of religion and transient inner-worldly salvation of art could not coexist. Once form and not religious meaning became the reason for appreciation of art, religion and art became

Handmaids Tale Essay -- essays research papers

Many of the principles of Gilead are based on Old Testament beliefs. Discuss Atwoods use of biblical allusions and their political significance in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ‘The Handmaids Tale’ is a book full of biblical allusions, before Atwood begins the text an epigraph gives us an extract from Genesis 30: 1-3 â€Å"And when Rachel saw that she bare Jacob no children, Rachel envied her sister; and said unto Jacob, Give me children, or else I die. And Jacob’s anger was kindled against Rachel; and he said, Am I in God’s stead, who hath withheld from thee the fruit of the womb? And she said, Behold my maid Bilhah, go in unto her; and she shall bear upon my knees, that I may also have children by her.† This principle from the Bible is used throughout ‘The Handmaids Tale’, the principles being that it is the idea of both assemblages that a women’s duty is to have children and that it is acceptable for a man to be angry if a women can not produce a child. Both these beliefs show that in jointly the Bible and ‘The Handmaids Tale’, women are completely defined by fertility and are classed as ‘walking wombs’. ‘The Handmaids Tale’ recreates the selected stanzas from the bible with Jacob, Rachel, Leah and the two handmaids. The tale is an Old Testament story about surrogate mothers, on which the novel is based. The section gives biblical precedent for the several practices of Gilead, by doing this it paves the way for Atwood to comment on patriarchy where women are undervalued and abused in all walks of life. The idea is also expressed later when we discover the ‘Red Centre’ governmentally known as the ‘Rachel a nd Leah Centre’. As the basis of the novel it is replicated many times throughout the text, for example, it is found in the family reading before the monthly ceremonies, and in Rachel’s plea ‘give me children, or else I die’. This clearly lays emphasis on the threat to the Handmaids life. By failing to produce a child, they will be classed as Unwomen and sent to the Colonies to die. Atwood, to coordinate with biblical references has employed a biblical name for the place where the book is set. Gilead is the name Atwood saw fit to call her town. The fundamentalist Republic of Gilead is named after a place in the Old Testament, a mountainous region east of Jordan. Gilead is closely connected with the history of patriarch Jacob, and the prophe... ...ical references, for example, the lords prayer in chapter thirty where she changes the ‘norm’ and asks for the things that she really wants. Just like the commander and the teachers of regime do in order to get what they want. â€Å"Now we come to forgiveness. Don’t worry about forgiving me right now. There are more important things. For instance: keep others safe, if they are safe. Don’t let them suffer too much. If they have to die, let it be fast. You might even provide a heaven for them. We need you for that. Hell we can create ourselves.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gileads official discourse is a hybridised rhetoric, which combines biblical language with traces of American capitalist phrases; for example, ‘in God we trust’ is the motto on the dollar bill. Marxism and feminism. It uses and abuses the bible in the same way as it uses the slogans of the liberal ideology it has overthrown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Handmaids Tale’ is a blunt warning to modern society, Atwood underlines that all the points in her novel have occurred in the world previously, and if propaganda establishes itself it could take place again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The American Involvement in the Cold War

The role of America at the end of World War II was where the origins of policing the world originate. America had been engaged in a very costly war in terms of dollars as well as lives. But, despite the expense the United States came out of World War II better than any other nation that was involved. The Second World War was a battle between the Allied and Axis Powers. The Allied Powers consisted of the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and France. This war was seen as the fight against Nazi Germany, and therefore resulted in a majority of the battles fought on German and Russian soil. The aftermath left the Soviet Union in bad shape. Close to twenty million Russians had died fighting the war, which accounted for about eight percent of their population. Conversely, none of the fighting was done on American soil, and while the United States suffered in terms of casualties it was nothing compared to the loss Russia had endured. Because the war would not end until the Axis Powers fully surrendered to the Allied Powers, the United States was forced to use the first atomic warfare in history. The atom bomb would later serve as America's greatest possession. Stalin, the Premier of the Soviet Union had always distrusted the American and English intentions. Because of Stalin's aggression and attitude pertaining to Soviet influence on Europe, the postwar stance on Russia had turned into a standoff. This became the origin of the Cold War. The Cold War, seen as a battle between communism and capitalism, was â€Å"in reality a more complex struggle over a broad range of ideological, economic, and strategic issues. † Over the next several years the United States would spend more money on military and defense than ever before. Several measures were taken to ensure that the same mistakes at the end of World War I would not be repeated. The first in a series of measures was a postwar conference involving President Truman and the Soviet Foreign Minister, V. M. Molokov, where Truman controlled the entire meeting and basically scolded the Soviet's for not honoring agreements on Poland. Truman â€Å"told the Russians just where the got off and generally bossed the whole meeting. † This symbolized America's strong-arm stance against communism and signified the position we would hold throughout the Cold War. The next step in Truman's agenda was to work with Congress to pass the National Security Act of 1947, which was designed to strengthen defense operations. This act created a single Department of Defense, and created the Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA. These two new agencies acted as the first step in atomic warfare management. Continuing to act as police of the world and leader of capitalism, Truman drafted the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan, which complemented the Truman Doctrine, â€Å"was a program of large scale economic and military aid to Europe. Considered by some, this was the most â€Å"innovative piece of foreign policy in American History. Where over the next four years the United States contributed over $12 billion to a highly successful recovery effort. † The Soviet Union stilled commanded a blockade on highway, rail, and river traffic to West Berlin. As a result, the United States responded by entering into a peacetime military alliance; this being the first time since the American Revolution. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) a project costing $1. billion, enabled the basing of all four United States Army divisions into Western Europe. Twelve nations agreed to sign this pact that stated â€Å"an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. † Consequently, a few months later, Stalin â€Å"lifted the blockade which had made the city a symbol of resistance to communism. † Between the creation of NATO, the National Security Act and CIA, and the Marshall Plan, America was dictating their position with Russia and communism. These measures made it possible for Americans to become more comfortable with the Cold War. While all of these governmental policies were being put into action, Americans were settling back into the ideology of family and free enterprise. The post-war period became one of the most exciting in American history. With the rising economy and feeling of consumerism, Americans were rebounding from their efforts in World War II. Capitalism was on the rise and the â€Å"Apple Pie† portrait of middle class suburban families was shaping the country. America was now the wealthiest country in the world and Americans had â€Å"accumulated savings of $140 billion† in 1945. â€Å"Over the next two decades the gross national product more than tripled,† signifying prosperity. Between 1945 and 1960, the gross national product would grow from $213 billion to more than $500 billion, while real income would rise 25 percent. Included in these figures was the percent of American families owning homes, which grew from 43 percent to over 60 percent in this same time period; this created the suburban explosion. This suburban lifestyle was intended to symbolize the superiority of capitalism over communism and imply that the American way of life would win the Cold War. † Americans were again beginning to see the capitalist society they fought for, and the confidence level of the country continued to rise throughout the 1960's. The people cannot create a great nation themselves; great leaders must direct them. Besides the three Presidents who led America throughout the end of World War II and through the Cold War, there were many influential voices that helped to shape the views of the public. Among these influential people was a man named George F. Kennan. He was a member of the United States embassy to the Soviet Union and author of the â€Å"long telegram† which was sent to the heads of state in Washington D. C. In his telegram, Kennan described the Soviets as insecure, inferior, and less advanced than Americans. â€Å"As Russia came into contact with the economically advanced West, fear of more competent, more powerful, more highly organized societies,† was the general message Kennan was trying to get across. Because he saw the country from the inside Kennan also believed the United Sates should † pursue a policy of firm containment†¦ at every point where the Soviets show signs of encroaching upon the interest of a peaceful and stable world. † This opinion and idea of the relationship between the United States and Russia should have been widely accepted by Americans. They backed this idea of aggressive behavior, rather than a passive approach to the Cold War. Conversely, postwar liberal such as Henry Wallace, â€Å"a Progressive Party leader, continued to seek cooperation with the Soviet Union and defended the participation of Communists in their organizations. † These ideals were quickly silenced. The American majority, being extremely anti-communist, felt relations with the Soviet Union should be harsh and firm. This period introduced American dominance in foreign policy. The ideals of personal freedom and opportunity were the driving forces behind Western philosophy throughout the Cold War. Not only were these principles showcased, they were set as the benchmark of equality for the human race.

Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King Martin Luther King was an extremely inspirational Individual, a humanitarian, call rights activist In fact. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, helped CLC In 1957, helped to organism the March on Washington 1 963 in which he presented his ‘l Have a Dream' speech gaining his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. King, born son of Reverend Martin Luther King Sir. Spent most of his early life within church, singing amongst the choir in 1939.He attended Booker T. Washington High school, and then attended Morehouse College without officially graduating school. Then graduated from Crower Theological Seminary with a Bachelor of Totally degree 1951 furthermore, gaining his Doctor of Philosophy In 955, achieving an intelligent and large amount of qualifications which, within the time zone, was extremely unusual as segregation was large within America, specifically, the Deep South.King was one of many leaders yet, what made King so highl y respected and celebrated was his passion for change. King is mainly remembered due to his Inspirational speeches ‘l Have a Dream' for example, which he presented during the call rights march on 1963, Washington of August. In which, he gained respect and admiration from people of all races, being referred to as a ‘Moses' by his lieutenants, during his speech aimed for mainly African-Americans and their segregation, calling out with a nonviolent revolution.Kings admiration from many individuals was proven amongst his death, 1968, as the non-violent movement came to an immediate halt. Yet, not everyone agreed with King's tactics, Malcolm X for example, flying King's non-violent approach, stating that ‘If the man puts a hand on you- send him to the cemetery' Portraying that human self-defense should be remissive, many black individuals praised Malcolm X due to this and believed that a man of bravery should fight back, therefore winning his opponents respect.On the ot her hand, although many applauded Malcolm X for his opinion of self-defense, a larger quantity of black individuals favored King's approach portraying that his judgment and approaches were more successful and presented within a better light, creating positivist for change. Martin's many speeches create a ‘hair rising' upshot, touching our hearts and Imaginations, why?King simply used Imagery, as of which a writer would within his books to grab their reader, yet, King's persuasive imagery created a stir of emotional change, causing his listeners to create their perfect world in their heads , a desegregated America. This then resulted in why King's many followers, did follow him, his powerful, persuasive speeches along with his actions that backed up his many promises. One of which, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955, lasting 382 days In which King provided leadership for the demonstration.The NAACP, Women's Political Company and King drafted three demands for the bus company: sea ting is to be available on a first-come, first-serve axis, drivers have more respect towards black passengers and also, black drivers are hired. Almost 20,000 black individuals supported the MOB resulting in numerous buses driven with empty seats due to black people's usual need for bus transport to and from work, The bus company's refusal resulted In the organization of WA: promise as a leader from only twenty-six, King's leadership skills commenced and transformed from this.The Montgomery Bus Boycott eventually ended, resulting in a huge change within Montgomery and Kings life, creating positivist for change within lack communities and sparking Martin's lead to fame and admiration. Following on from this, during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, King had a religious epiphany in which, when praying aloud felt the sudden presence of God, describing this as a never before presence.King explained that this experience redirected him to the pathway of danger of the Boycott and further protest s, despite the threat that portrayed. Ghanaian on the other hand, was another major influence for King. Shindig's policy of non-violence within India; Kings Involvement in civil rights was therefore tryingly related to Protestant faith. The success of the Bus Boycott placed King as president of the CLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) in 1957, the ideals, Christianity yet the method of non-violence, Ghanaian.The assassination of Martin Luther King, 4th April 1968, was a shock to many, the recent killing of John F. Kennedy was as great a shock and King's assassination was the final straw. Depression and anger flooded the streets, black individuals protested once again, yet with violence. Molotov cocktails, bricks and guns were aimed towards anything that depicted white schism, once night drew, more than 100,000 black individuals created havoc and chaos across the country.The assassination of Martin Luther King destroyed the words he once spoke, ‘non-violence' Their fi ght for freedom and desegregation which was once a non-violent movement came crashing down perhaps to represent the life they had taken, the man which had persuaded the black community as well as many white individuals to come together, the man who made a change, the man who was widely known and favored was now gone. Martin Luther King, the man who changed the world. Word count: 852 Martin Luther King Alan Mason period 8 Martin Luther King v. Malcolm X Martin Luther King has been known for using peace to help him get equality among all people but especially African-Americans. He was not the type of leader that resorted to violence in order to get the equality that he fought for. King has been known for moving people by the use of his speeches like King's I Have a Dream and Vive Been to the Mountaintop speeches. King shows through these speeches that even though he was determined to get equal rights for every African-American, he as only going to stick to subtle, nonviolent ways like court cases, protest, and boycotts.This philosophy Is the exact opposite to Malcolm X, another Call Rights Leader, who thought that African American should not waste their time on protest and boycotts (Document 7). Malcolm, like King, was not In favor of violence but believe that African Americans should by all meaner use violence to protect themselves when they â€Å"attacked by racists† (Docum ent 9). But, Martin Luther King's philosophy was more beneficial for the African-American community then Malcolm Ax's because the effort that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful.Martin Luther King showed that he had the better philosophy compared to Malcolm X because of his stance on violence. One way King upheld his beliefs was through protest. King said in his Our God is Marching speech, â€Å"We are on the move now. The burning of our churches will not deter us. We are on the move now. The bombing of our homes will not dissuade us† (Document 4). So Protesters, including King himself were having their homes burned down for retesting for what they believe is right. In March of 1965 King and other protesters walked in order to raise awareness of the need for a Voting Right Act. This Act was passed later that year.But even though they achieved their goal for voting right does not mean that the protesters did not receive opposition for their actions. Mass arrest, police attacks, and state troopers blockading all occurred throughout the walk. If King chose to fight back then that could have either delayed getting the Voting Right Act approved, or it may have been felt that African-Americans did not deserve to get the Act approved. But King Just showed by obtaining from violence you can still get what you want. Martin Luther King showed that there were other ways to fight for what you want aside form fighting itself.King did this by using boycotts and strikes. He said, â€Å"There Is nothing quite so effective as refusal to cooperate economically with the forces and Institutions. † King realized that one of the ways he was going to get American to give them the rights that African-Americans wanted was by disrupting the flow of money that was going Into the Caucasian shops. This meaner by not buying from places that o not offer Jobs for African-Americans then those businesses would see how much they needed the African-American community, even If It meant having to hire African- American workers.Malcolm X did not agree with boycotts and strikes he said, â€Å"We have to learn how to own and operate the businesses of our community and develop to be involved in picketing and boycotting other people in other communities in order to get a Job† (Document 7). But this idea completely went against the philosophy of being together not separate. If this would have happened then the country would eave always been separate and things would have never been equal.Martin Luther king has been known for using his words instead of his fist when it comes to defending what he many thousands of others believed to be correct. King once said in his I Have a Dream speech that he had a dream that â€Å"former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood†¦ They will not be Judged by the color of their skin but by their charac ter†¦ We will be able to work together, pray together, to struggle together, to go o Jail together, to climb up for freedom together† (Document 2).King fought for African Americans rights by using his words. He told the people of his desires for and equal and fair life where people could live in harmony with each other and not be judged by their skin tone. He thought of a time where there would be no more separate but equal as were stated prior, people would be able to â€Å"work together†¦ And go to Jail together. † (Document 2) So by using his speeches where thousands of people came to listen to him talk, he moved a nation to be in favor of his reasoning's.In conclusion, Martin Luther Kings philosophy was more beneficial for the African- American community then Malcolm Ax's because the effort that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful. King kept up with his no violence idea by participating in other thi ngs that got America's attention like protest, boycotts and speeches. King striver to achieve equality and because of his hard efforts he has succeeded in more ways than one to help African-Americans get the same civil rights as Caucasian Americans. Martin Luther King I admire Martin Luther King Jr. ; his transformational leadership was and remains important throughout American History. He inspired thousands of people with his speeches. His famous speech â€Å"I Had a Dream† shows his leadership style, he was very effective in giving his message. Although many transformational leaders have been remembered in the past decades, Martin Luther King Jr. has created a legacy. If it wasn’t for his transformational leadership, our nation could be in a different mindset overall. He had a way to get people working together rather than fighting. He was quiet and listened slowly while others would speak. His visions developed easily with others to excite and convert followers. His example of a servant leadership is the most important lesson I feel he has left behind. Being a servant leader that offers not only inclusive vision, but listens carefully to others, persuades through reasons and helps while building the community. Believing in others was key to his success. Transformational leaders create visions that inspire and motivate others to strive for a goal in leading others. Martin Luther King was passionate about his visions and was committed to success no matter what he had to face. He was a preacher who believed when people were seeing what the color of your skin was; they were all equal in God’s eyes. One idea that Martin Luther King shared in his message was how freedom could be accomplished without violence. He preached racial equality and wanted a nonviolent world filled with peace. Martin Luther King had an effective way of speaking to people. Usually he spoke to large emotional crowds, encouraging peace. His self-confidence translated to courage. Dr. King had the ability to create and communicate his visions during his speech. His persuasion and demeanor made him an effective leader. He was able to motivate thousands of people who were in desperate need and angry people who acted violently. He changed their perspective and led them to non violent acts. He was direct and honest. He was a man of influence because he knew the existing conditions and focused on changing the culture. It was a challenge to work against angry people who resisted him because he wanted a change. Martin Luther King was successful though his followers, his example of being non-violent and living in peace led his followers to have the same vision and live it. He was able to shift an entre culture by using the transformational leadership style to effectively motivate change throughout the world. Martin Luther King demonstrated his role as a leader by showing how much he cared and putting needs of others first. His way of motivating others with his speech opened optimistic views for his followers. His leadership style reached many people’s lives and gave them an emotional connection, which led to more followers. His message wasn’t only what caught the follower’s attention, but his level of education qualified him to be a respected leader. Many African Americans at the time were not graduating high school, yet he had a PhD from a respected school named Boston University. As we’ve learned transformational leaders also show Individual consideration in the same way – â€Å"Leaders also mentor followers by teaching and sharing knowledge and skills in addition to showing emotional concern and support†. (Weiss, 2012). Martin Luther King also showed Individualized consideration to his followers, and it was well trusted by his followers. Martin Luther King Jr. included ethical standards to consistently attempt to â€Å"do the right thing’. Leaders using their vision to inspire and transform will show in their actions. He was known to practice the same leadership he preached. Martin Luther King always spoke about the hopes and aspirations of his followers. His actions appealed to peoples highest standards of ethics and morality which is where most of his decisions came from. Great leaders possess high ethical standards and set examples for their followers who do the right thing. Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Martin Luther King was an extremely inspirational Individual, a humanitarian, call rights activist In fact. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, helped CLC In 1957, helped to organism the March on Washington 1 963 in which he presented his ‘l Have a Dream' speech gaining his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. King, born son of Reverend Martin Luther King Sir. Spent most of his early life within church, singing amongst the choir in 1939.He attended Booker T. Washington High school, and then attended Morehouse College without officially graduating school. Then graduated from Crower Theological Seminary with a Bachelor of Totally degree 1951 furthermore, gaining his Doctor of Philosophy In 955, achieving an intelligent and large amount of qualifications which, within the time zone, was extremely unusual as segregation was large within America, specifically, the Deep South.King was one of many leaders yet, what made King so highl y respected and celebrated was his passion for change. King is mainly remembered due to his Inspirational speeches ‘l Have a Dream' for example, which he presented during the call rights march on 1963, Washington of August. In which, he gained respect and admiration from people of all races, being referred to as a ‘Moses' by his lieutenants, during his speech aimed for mainly African-Americans and their segregation, calling out with a nonviolent revolution.Kings admiration from many individuals was proven amongst his death, 1968, as the non-violent movement came to an immediate halt. Yet, not everyone agreed with King's tactics, Malcolm X for example, flying King's non-violent approach, stating that ‘If the man puts a hand on you- send him to the cemetery' Portraying that human self-defense should be remissive, many black individuals praised Malcolm X due to this and believed that a man of bravery should fight back, therefore winning his opponents respect.On the ot her hand, although many applauded Malcolm X for his opinion of self-defense, a larger quantity of black individuals favored King's approach portraying that his judgment and approaches were more successful and presented within a better light, creating positivist for change. Martin's many speeches create a ‘hair rising' upshot, touching our hearts and Imaginations, why?King simply used Imagery, as of which a writer would within his books to grab their reader, yet, King's persuasive imagery created a stir of emotional change, causing his listeners to create their perfect world in their heads , a desegregated America. This then resulted in why King's many followers, did follow him, his powerful, persuasive speeches along with his actions that backed up his many promises. One of which, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955, lasting 382 days In which King provided leadership for the demonstration.The NAACP, Women's Political Company and King drafted three demands for the bus company: sea ting is to be available on a first-come, first-serve axis, drivers have more respect towards black passengers and also, black drivers are hired. Almost 20,000 black individuals supported the MOB resulting in numerous buses driven with empty seats due to black people's usual need for bus transport to and from work, The bus company's refusal resulted In the organization of WA: promise as a leader from only twenty-six, King's leadership skills commenced and transformed from this.The Montgomery Bus Boycott eventually ended, resulting in a huge change within Montgomery and Kings life, creating positivist for change within lack communities and sparking Martin's lead to fame and admiration. Following on from this, during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, King had a religious epiphany in which, when praying aloud felt the sudden presence of God, describing this as a never before presence.King explained that this experience redirected him to the pathway of danger of the Boycott and further protest s, despite the threat that portrayed. Ghanaian on the other hand, was another major influence for King. Shindig's policy of non-violence within India; Kings Involvement in civil rights was therefore tryingly related to Protestant faith. The success of the Bus Boycott placed King as president of the CLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) in 1957, the ideals, Christianity yet the method of non-violence, Ghanaian.The assassination of Martin Luther King, 4th April 1968, was a shock to many, the recent killing of John F. Kennedy was as great a shock and King's assassination was the final straw. Depression and anger flooded the streets, black individuals protested once again, yet with violence. Molotov cocktails, bricks and guns were aimed towards anything that depicted white schism, once night drew, more than 100,000 black individuals created havoc and chaos across the country.The assassination of Martin Luther King destroyed the words he once spoke, ‘non-violence' Their fi ght for freedom and desegregation which was once a non-violent movement came crashing down perhaps to represent the life they had taken, the man which had persuaded the black community as well as many white individuals to come together, the man who made a change, the man who was widely known and favored was now gone. Martin Luther King, the man who changed the world. Word count: 852 Martin Luther King Martin Luther King Martin Luther King was an extremely inspirational Individual, a humanitarian, call rights activist In fact. He led the Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, helped CLC In 1957, helped to organism the March on Washington 1 963 in which he presented his ‘l Have a Dream' speech gaining his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history. King, born son of Reverend Martin Luther King Sir. Spent most of his early life within church, singing amongst the choir in 1939.He attended Booker T. Washington High school, and then attended Morehouse College without officially graduating school. Then graduated from Crower Theological Seminary with a Bachelor of Totally degree 1951 furthermore, gaining his Doctor of Philosophy In 955, achieving an intelligent and large amount of qualifications which, within the time zone, was extremely unusual as segregation was large within America, specifically, the Deep South.King was one of many leaders yet, what made King so highl y respected and celebrated was his passion for change. King is mainly remembered due to his Inspirational speeches ‘l Have a Dream' for example, which he presented during the call rights march on 1963, Washington of August. In which, he gained respect and admiration from people of all races, being referred to as a ‘Moses' by his lieutenants, during his speech aimed for mainly African-Americans and their segregation, calling out with a nonviolent revolution.Kings admiration from many individuals was proven amongst his death, 1968, as the non-violent movement came to an immediate halt. Yet, not everyone agreed with King's tactics, Malcolm X for example, flying King's non-violent approach, stating that ‘If the man puts a hand on you- send him to the cemetery' Portraying that human self-defense should be remissive, many black individuals praised Malcolm X due to this and believed that a man of bravery should fight back, therefore winning his opponents respect.On the ot her hand, although many applauded Malcolm X for his opinion of self-defense, a larger quantity of black individuals favored King's approach portraying that his judgment and approaches were more successful and presented within a better light, creating positivist for change. Martin's many speeches create a ‘hair rising' upshot, touching our hearts and Imaginations, why?King simply used Imagery, as of which a writer would within his books to grab their reader, yet, King's persuasive imagery created a stir of emotional change, causing his listeners to create their perfect world in their heads , a desegregated America. This then resulted in why King's many followers, did follow him, his powerful, persuasive speeches along with his actions that backed up his many promises. One of which, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955, lasting 382 days In which King provided leadership for the demonstration.The NAACP, Women's Political Company and King drafted three demands for the bus company: sea ting is to be available on a first-come, first-serve axis, drivers have more respect towards black passengers and also, black drivers are hired. Almost 20,000 black individuals supported the MOB resulting in numerous buses driven with empty seats due to black people's usual need for bus transport to and from work, The bus company's refusal resulted In the organization of WA: promise as a leader from only twenty-six, King's leadership skills commenced and transformed from this.The Montgomery Bus Boycott eventually ended, resulting in a huge change within Montgomery and Kings life, creating positivist for change within lack communities and sparking Martin's lead to fame and admiration. Following on from this, during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, King had a religious epiphany in which, when praying aloud felt the sudden presence of God, describing this as a never before presence.King explained that this experience redirected him to the pathway of danger of the Boycott and further protest s, despite the threat that portrayed. Ghanaian on the other hand, was another major influence for King. Shindig's policy of non-violence within India; Kings Involvement in civil rights was therefore tryingly related to Protestant faith. The success of the Bus Boycott placed King as president of the CLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) in 1957, the ideals, Christianity yet the method of non-violence, Ghanaian.The assassination of Martin Luther King, 4th April 1968, was a shock to many, the recent killing of John F. Kennedy was as great a shock and King's assassination was the final straw. Depression and anger flooded the streets, black individuals protested once again, yet with violence. Molotov cocktails, bricks and guns were aimed towards anything that depicted white schism, once night drew, more than 100,000 black individuals created havoc and chaos across the country.The assassination of Martin Luther King destroyed the words he once spoke, ‘non-violence' Their fi ght for freedom and desegregation which was once a non-violent movement came crashing down perhaps to represent the life they had taken, the man which had persuaded the black community as well as many white individuals to come together, the man who made a change, the man who was widely known and favored was now gone. Martin Luther King, the man who changed the world. Word count: 852 Martin Luther King Alan Mason period 8 Martin Luther King v. Malcolm X Martin Luther King has been known for using peace to help him get equality among all people but especially African-Americans. He was not the type of leader that resorted to violence in order to get the equality that he fought for. King has been known for moving people by the use of his speeches like King's I Have a Dream and Vive Been to the Mountaintop speeches. King shows through these speeches that even though he was determined to get equal rights for every African-American, he as only going to stick to subtle, nonviolent ways like court cases, protest, and boycotts.This philosophy Is the exact opposite to Malcolm X, another Call Rights Leader, who thought that African American should not waste their time on protest and boycotts (Document 7). Malcolm, like King, was not In favor of violence but believe that African Americans should by all meaner use violence to protect themselves when they â€Å"attacked by racists† (Docum ent 9). But, Martin Luther King's philosophy was more beneficial for the African-American community then Malcolm Ax's because the effort that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful.Martin Luther King showed that he had the better philosophy compared to Malcolm X because of his stance on violence. One way King upheld his beliefs was through protest. King said in his Our God is Marching speech, â€Å"We are on the move now. The burning of our churches will not deter us. We are on the move now. The bombing of our homes will not dissuade us† (Document 4). So Protesters, including King himself were having their homes burned down for retesting for what they believe is right. In March of 1965 King and other protesters walked in order to raise awareness of the need for a Voting Right Act. This Act was passed later that year.But even though they achieved their goal for voting right does not mean that the protesters did not receive opposition for their actions. Mass arrest, police attacks, and state troopers blockading all occurred throughout the walk. If King chose to fight back then that could have either delayed getting the Voting Right Act approved, or it may have been felt that African-Americans did not deserve to get the Act approved. But King Just showed by obtaining from violence you can still get what you want. Martin Luther King showed that there were other ways to fight for what you want aside form fighting itself.King did this by using boycotts and strikes. He said, â€Å"There Is nothing quite so effective as refusal to cooperate economically with the forces and Institutions. † King realized that one of the ways he was going to get American to give them the rights that African-Americans wanted was by disrupting the flow of money that was going Into the Caucasian shops. This meaner by not buying from places that o not offer Jobs for African-Americans then those businesses would see how much they needed the African-American community, even If It meant having to hire African- American workers.Malcolm X did not agree with boycotts and strikes he said, â€Å"We have to learn how to own and operate the businesses of our community and develop to be involved in picketing and boycotting other people in other communities in order to get a Job† (Document 7). But this idea completely went against the philosophy of being together not separate. If this would have happened then the country would eave always been separate and things would have never been equal.Martin Luther king has been known for using his words instead of his fist when it comes to defending what he many thousands of others believed to be correct. King once said in his I Have a Dream speech that he had a dream that â€Å"former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood†¦ They will not be Judged by the color of their skin but by their charac ter†¦ We will be able to work together, pray together, to struggle together, to go o Jail together, to climb up for freedom together† (Document 2).King fought for African Americans rights by using his words. He told the people of his desires for and equal and fair life where people could live in harmony with each other and not be judged by their skin tone. He thought of a time where there would be no more separate but equal as were stated prior, people would be able to â€Å"work together†¦ And go to Jail together. † (Document 2) So by using his speeches where thousands of people came to listen to him talk, he moved a nation to be in favor of his reasoning's.In conclusion, Martin Luther Kings philosophy was more beneficial for the African- American community then Malcolm Ax's because the effort that he put into his nonviolent philosophy made gaining rights more successful and more meaningful. King kept up with his no violence idea by participating in other thi ngs that got America's attention like protest, boycotts and speeches. King striver to achieve equality and because of his hard efforts he has succeeded in more ways than one to help African-Americans get the same civil rights as Caucasian Americans.

Nursing Practice and Profession

Nurses who are sensitive to the legal dimensions of practice are careful to develop a strong sense of both ethical and legal accountability. Competent practice is a nurses’ best legal safeguard. When working to develop ethical and legal accountabilities, nurses must recognize that both deficiencies and or excesses of responsible caring are problematic. Although it is reasonable to hold oneself accountable for promoting the human well being of the patients, nurses can err by setting unrealistic standards of responsiveness and responsibility for themselves. Prudence is always necessary to balance responsible self care with care for others. Inexperienced nurses might feel totally responsible for effecting patient outcomes beyond their control and become frustrated and sad when unable to produce the desired outcome Conversations about what is reasonable to hold ourselves and others accountable for are always helpful.Each employing institution or agency providing nursing service ha s an obligation to establish a process for reporting and handling practices by individual or by health care systems that jeopardizes a patient’s health or safety. The American Nurses Association code of Ethics obligates nurses to report professional conduct that is incompetent, unethical or illegal. For nurses, incompetent practice in measured by nursing standards, unethical practice is evaluated in light of the professional codes of ethics, while illegal practice is identified in terms of violation of federal legislations and laws.Nurses must respect the accountability and responsibility inherent in their roles.   They have the moral obligations in the provision of nursing care, hence they collaborate with other health care providers in providing comprehensive health care, recognizing the perspective and expertise of each member.   Nurses have a moral right to refuse to participate in procedures that may violate their own personal moral conscience since they are entitled to conscientious objection. They must keep all information obtained in a professional capacity confidential and employ professional judgment in sharing this information on a need to know basis.Nurses are expected to protect individuals under their care against lack of privacy by confining their verbal communications only to appropriate personnel; settings, and to professional purposes. They are obliged to adhere to practice that limits access to personal records to appropriate personnel. They must value the promotion of a social as well as economic environment that supports and sustains health and well-being. It includes the involvement in the detection of ill effects of the environment on the health of the patient as well as the ill effects of human activities to the natural environment.They must acknowledge that the social environment in which the patient inhabits has an impact on health. Nurses must respect the rights of individuals to make informed choices in relation to their care. They have this responsibility to inform individuals about the care available to them, and the choice to accept or reject that care.   If the person is not able to speak for themselves, nurses must ensure the availability of someone to represent them. It is vital to respect the decisions made concerning the individual’s care.   Standards of care are one measure of quality.   Quality nursing care provides care by qualified individuals.Likewise, the individual needs, values, and culture of the patient relative to the provision of nursing care is important to be respected and considered hence it should not be compromised for reasons of ethnicity, gender, spiritual values, disability, age, economic, social or health status, or any other grounds.   Respect for an individual’s needs includes recognition of the individual’s place in a family and the community. It is due to this reason that others should be included in the provision of care, most significan tly the family members. Respect for needs, beliefs and values includes culturally sensitive care, and the need for comfort, dignity, privacy and alleviation of pain and anxiety as much as possible.â€Å"Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a problem solving approach to clinical practice that integrates the conscientious use of best evidence in combination with a clinician’s expertise as well as patient preferences and values to make decisions about the type of care that is provided† (Melnyk, 2004). Quality of care outcomes refers to accuracy and relevance demonstrated by the decisions concerning the need for medical and surgical intervention. Evidence of appropriateness in healthcare is necessary to improve health outcomes, balance costs, provide guidance to physicians and meet the need of the new informed health consumer. Appropriateness is unlike effectiveness since the later refers to the degree in which an intervention achieves the objectives set (Muir Gray, 1997). One criterion of appropriateness is that of necessity.As technology and improved methods of care has advanced, access to appropriate interventions should likewise improve. Today some interventions are still limited such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in rural communities and since access to this technology is limited, a criterion of necessity is used to determine who is able to access and how quickly. Therefore although use of MRI may be appropriate in diagnostics, it may be underused. Advancements in technology, interventions and clinical research will provide updated evidence which in turn would affect ratings of appropriateness (Muir Gray, 1997).Clinical guideline statements are developed from evidence to assist healthcare practitioners in making appropriate health interventions (Woolf, Grol, Hutchinson, Eccles & Grimshaw, 1999). The clinical guideline may be a general statement or concise instruction on which diagnostic test to order or how best to treat a specific condition. The purpose of clinical guidelines is as a tool for making decisions that will result in more consistent and efficient care. Guidelines are not rules nor are they mandatory. The benefits of clinical guidelines include: Improved health outcomes; Increased beneficial/appropriate care; Consistency of care; Improved patient information; Ability to positively influence policy; Provide direction to health care practitioners;ReferencesAgency of Healthcare Research and Quality. (n.d.). Outcomes research fact sheet. [Online].Available: http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/outfact.htmBrook, R.H. (1994). Appropriateness: The next frontier. [Online]. Available:http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/308/6923/218?ijkey=t7GNbMJu0NIhAFitch, K., Bernstien, S. J., Aguilar, M. D., Burand, B., LaCalle, J. R., Lazaro, P. van het Loo,McDonnell, J., Vader, J. P., & Kahan, J. P. (2001). The RAND/UCLA appropriatenessmethod user’s manual. [Online]. Available:http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1269?John A. Hart ford Foundation. (n.d.). [Online]. Available:   http://www.jhartfound.org/Muir Gray, J.A. (1997). Evidence-based healthcare: How to make health policy and managementdecisions, New York: Churchill Livingstone.Woolf, S. H., Grol, R., Hutchinson, A., Eccles, M., & Grimshaw, J. (1999). Clinical guidelines:Potential benefits, limitations and harms of clinical guidelines. [Online]. Available:http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7182/527?

An Analysis of Project Networks as Resource Planning Tools

An Analysis of Project Networks as Resource Planning Tools| Usage and availability of resources are essential considerations when establishing Project Networks in Resource Planning. This analysis has focused on some of the risks of certain actions used to offset resource constraints, advantages/disadvantages for reducing project scope, and options/advantages/disadvantages for reducing project duration. If implemented correctly, careful consideration of the outlined risks will make managing a project a little less painless. | Following is an analysis of project networks as resource planning tools.The analysis will be segmented into three topical areas to include: * Risks associated with leveling resources, compressing, or crashing projects, and imposed durations or â€Å"catch-up† as the project is being implemented; * Advantages and disadvantages for reducing project scope to accelerate a project and what can be done to reduce the disadvantages * Three options for reducing pro ject duration and advantages and disadvantages to these options Risks Associated with Leveling Resources, Compressing, or Crashing Projects, and Imposed Durations or â€Å"Catch-Up† The text (Gray and Larson, 2008) gives good definitions for the risks associated with certain actions used to offset resource constraints. The act or process of evening out â€Å"resource demand by delaying noncritical activities (using slack) to lower peak demand† (Gray and Larson, 2008) is considered leveling resources.This action ultimately increases the resource utilization, which is more than likely the desired result. Even though one may get the desired results resource-wise, leveling resources often results in pushing out the end-date of a project. In most cases, that is the extreme outcome. Another risk that bears its head when slack is reduced, is loss of flexibility which equates to an increase in critical activities. Without slack anywhere in a project network, ALL activities bec ome critical. This means that everything has to fall perfectly in place in order to stay on the prescribed timeline. Compressing a schedule means that you will be conducting project activities in parallel. Compressing is not applicable to all project activities.A good example can be seen if you have activities labeled â€Å"Hire Workers† and â€Å"Dig Foundation†. You can’t implement the â€Å"Hire Workers† and â€Å"Dig Foundation† activities in parallel because to dig a foundation you need to have someone to do the digging. (brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/51684. aspx#ixzz0ongX7ECF, 20 May 2010). Risks of compressing include: * Increases risk of rework * Increases communications challenges, and may * Require more resources Crashing a schedule involves allocating more resources so that an activity can be completed on time or before time, assuming that by deploying more resources the activity can be completed earlier.One good aspe ct about crashing a schedule (just like compressing), you do not need to crash all activities. The activities that impact the schedule are those with no slack, thus being the only ones that are affected. Risks associated with this action are as follows: â€Å"Budget: Since you allocated more resources, you will not deliver the project on-budget. Demoralization: Existing resources may get demoralized by the increase in people to complete activities that were originally assigned to them. Coordination: More resources translates to an increase in communication challenges† (brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/51684. aspx#ixzz0onfuKUmj, 20 May 2010).These risks combined or by themselves can ultimately pose the overall risk of reducing the effectiveness of the existing resources. Advantages and Disadvantages for Reducing Project Scope to Accelerate a Project and what can be Done to Reduce the Disadvantages Reducing the scope of the project can lead to big savings both in time and costs. It typically means the elimination of certain tasks. At the same time scaling down the scope may reduce the value of the project such that it is no longer worthwhile or fails to meet critical success factors. An advantage to reducing project scope is the project is more likely to stay on schedule and on budget. It also allows for more focus being applied to the remaining deliverables in the project scope.A disadvantage that may arise is loss of quality in work due to key quality deliverables selected to be cut in order to balance the timeline of the project. The key to offsetting the disadvantages is â€Å"reassessing the project requirements to determine which are essential and which are optional. This requires the active involvement of all key stakeholders. More intense re-examination of requirements may actually improve the value of the project by getting it done more quickly and for a lower cost. † (just answer. com 21 May 2010) Three Options for Reduci ng Project Duration and Advantages and Disadvantages to these Options Reducing the duration a project can be managed by reducing the duration of an activity/activities almost always results in higher direct cost.When the duration of a critical activity is reduced, the project’s critical path can be change with other activities and that new path will determine the new project completion date. Following are three options to reducing project duration. Adding Resources: This is a popular method to reduce project time by assigning additional staff and equipment to activities-if it is assessed appropriately. The activities at hand need to be researched accordingly and proper determinations of how much time will be saved prior to just throwing bodies at it. The first thing that comes to mind when you add resources is â€Å"double the resources, reduce the length of the project in half.The unforeseen disadvantage that arises is the increase in the amount of time that an existing tea m member must spend in explaining what has been done already and what is planned. This increases the overall communication time spent by the team which phenomenally ends up adding/losing valuable time. Outsourcing Project work: A common method for shortening the project time is to subcontract an activity. The subcontract may have access to superior technology or expertise that will accelerate the completion of the activity (Gray and Larson, 2008). Additionally, significant cost reduction, and flexibility can be gained when a company outsources (Gray and Larson, 2008).Disadvantages that may be experienced are conflict due to contrasting interpersonal interactions and internal morale issues if the work has normally been done in-house (Gray and Larson, 2008). Scheduling Overtime: The easiest way to add more labor to a project is not to add more people, but to schedule overtime. The www. businesslink. gov outlines potential advantages of using overtime working include: * a more flexible workforce * the ability to deal with bottlenecks, busy periods, cover of absences and  staff shortages without the need to recruit extra staff * increased earning for employees * avoidance of disruption to jobs where the workload is more difficult to share,  e. g. ransport and driving * the ability to carry out  repair and maintenance which has to be done outside normal working hours However, disadvantages may include: * the expense of premium overtime rates * inefficiency if employees slacken their pace of work in order to qualify for overtime * regular long working hours, which  can adversely affect employees' work, health and home lives * fatigue, which  may increase absence levels and lead to unsafe working practices * employee expectations of overtime, leading to resentment and inflexibility if you try to withdraw it. (businesslink. gov, 22 May 2010) Conclusion Usage and availability of resources are essential considerations when establishing Project Networks in Reso urce Planning.This analysis has focused on some of the risks of certain actions used to offset resource constraints, advantages/disadvantages for reducing project scope, and options/advantages/disadvantages for reducing project duration. If implemented correctly, careful consideration of the outlined risks will make managing a project a little less painless. References Brighthub. com. Difference Between Schedule Crashing and Compressing, Retrieved 20 May, 2010 http://www. brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/51684. aspx#ixzz0onfuKUmj Brighthub. com. When to Crash or Compress a Schedule, Retrieved 20 May 2010 http://www. brighthub. com/office/project-management/articles/51684. aspx#ixzz0onfuKUmj Read also: Conveyor Belt Project